Patanjali's Yoga Sutras

Sarūpyam indicates a state of similarity or conformity. सारूप्यम् (sārūpyam) is derived from रूप (rūpa), meaning “form” or “nature,” while the prefix स (sa) implies similarity or association. The suffix -यम् (-yam) forms a neuter noun translatable as “conformity” or “resemblance.” In the context of the sutra, this term refers to the state in which consciousness takes on the “form” of its mental content, thus losing its original stability and transparency.

Itaratra: इतर (itara) means “other” or “different,” and the suffix -त्र (-tra) suggests an altered condition. इतरत्र (itaratra) describes an “other” state, referring to a mental condition of identification with fluctuations, where inner balance and control are lacking. This condition can create stress, anxiety, and inner conflict. “Itaratra” (otherwise) connects to the previous sutra, where the observer is described as stable in its original nature.

Historical and Cultural Context: The concept of vṛtti is discussed not only in the Yoga Sutras but also in other Indian philosophical traditions such as Samkhya and Vedanta. These schools emphasize the importance of recognizing mental fluctuations as obstacles to attaining true knowledge (jnana). Meditation and other yogic practices are seen as tools to transcend these fluctuations and establish a connection with one’s deeper nature.

Practical Reflection: In daily life, this sutra reminds us of the importance of practices like meditation and mindfulness, which help us develop deeper awareness of our vṛttis. Each time you sit to meditate, you have the opportunity to observe your vṛttis without judgment, noticing how they appear and disappear. This mindful observation enables you to avoid automatic reactions to emotions and instead create space to choose how to respond.

Psychological Implications: Modern psychology, especially through practices like cognitive-behavioral therapy, reflects concepts similar to those expressed in this sutra. These approaches teach us to recognize and distinguish our thoughts from our identity. Understanding that we are not our thoughts, but rather the observers of them, is a fundamental step for psychological well-being.

Experiential Aspects: The teaching of this sutra takes on even greater meaning when applied to everyday life. In moments of stress or conflict, recognizing that reactions are often driven by mental fluctuations can help maintain calm and respond in a more balanced way, avoiding being swept away by temporary and unstable emotions.